Robert F. Mager

  • Founder and President, Mager Associates, Inc.
  • Research Scientist, Human Resources Research Office (HumRRO)
  • Established behavioral research laboratory; Consultant/Research Lead, Xerox Corporation
  • Technical Director, Learning Systems Institute (Paris)
  • Director of Module Development (Project PLAN), American Institutes for Research (Project PLAN)
Impact Metrics
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Total Citations
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PR Journals
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Top Conf
8
Other Works
Awards & Honors
Distinguished Contribution to Human Resource Development (ASTD/ATD)

American Society for Training & Development (now ATD)

Award for Public Service in Behavior Analysis

Society for the Advancement of Behavior Analysis (ABAI/SABA)

2005
Thomas F. Gilbert Distinguished Professional Achievement Award

International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI)

1994
Past Positions

Co‑founder; President (1965–1966), International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI)

1962–1966

Established behavioral research laboratory; Researcher, Varian Associates

1961–1963

Instructor in Psychology, California State University, Sacramento

1958–1959
Education
Ph.D., Experimental Psychology
University of Iowa (1954)
B.A.; M.A., Psychology
Ohio University (1950)
Biography

Robert F. Mager (1923–2020) was an American psychologist and seminal author in instructional design and human performance improvement. He popularized the systematic writing of performance‑based learning objectives and advanced Criterion‑Referenced Instruction (CRI), influencing training and education worldwide. He authored the widely read “Mager Six‑Pack” and co‑founded the International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI).

Theories & Frameworks
Criterion‑Referenced Instruction (CRI)

A performance‑based instructional design approach that anchors design in clearly specified objectives—performance, conditions, and criterion—followed by criterion‑referenced testing and modular instruction to ensure mastery.

Introduced: 1962
Mager–Pipe Performance Analysis Flowchart

A diagnostic decision flow for analyzing human performance problems to determine whether issues stem from skill/knowledge, environmental supports, incentives, or other causes, and to match solutions (often beyond training) to root causes.

Introduced: 1970
Research Interests
  • Human Performance Improvement (HPI)
  • Motivational Design (ARCS/ARCS‑V/MVP)
  • Needs Assessment and Performance Analysis
  • Performance Support
Peer-reviewed Journal Articles & Top Conference Papers
1

Psychological Reports • Journal

Robert F. Mager

Reports studies showing that adults arrive with varied prior knowledge and, when given control over their curriculum, can plan learning paths that lead to specified objectives. The paper argues for methods that detect learners’ entry behaviors and enable them to generate efficient, individualized curricula, emphasizing selection as well as presentation of content.

Other Works
8

Mager Associates, Inc. • Book

Robert F. Mager

Written as conversations between a sharp fifth‑grader and a parent, the book critiques common school practices and outlines specific, actionable changes that would help schools produce graduates who can do what’s required to thrive as educated, responsible adults.

Mager Associates, Inc. • Book

Robert F. Mager

An autobiographical account of Mager’s career and eclectic interests, describing experiences that shaped his approach to learning, performance improvement, and the development of CRI and his best‑known books.

Center for Effective Performance (CEP) • Book

Robert F. Mager

A concise handbook for diagnosing why people are not performing as expected and for selecting solutions matched to root causes. Using a decision flow, it distinguishes skill gaps from environmental, incentive, or process issues and outlines remedies beyond training when appropriate. Includes dozens of real‑world examples and a fold‑out flowchart.

Center for Effective Performance (CEP) • Book

Robert F. Mager

Presents a five‑step process for translating vague, abstract goals ("fuzzies") into observable, assessable performances. It shows how to define evidence of attainment, refine statements into measurable outcomes, and test the completeness of performance descriptions; includes many practice exercises.

Center for Effective Performance (CEP) • Book

Robert F. Mager

A practical guide for stating clear, performance‑based learning objectives. The book explains the qualities of well‑written objectives and shows how to specify performance, conditions, and criteria so instructional outcomes align with goals. It includes checklists and practice to help distinguish strong objectives from vague statements and to ensure objectives guide design and assessment.

Center for Effective Performance (CEP) • Book

Robert F. Mager

Explains how to determine whether instruction achieved its objectives by developing appropriate measurement tools. In clear, non‑technical language, it shows how to align test items with objectives, collect evidence of learning, and document the value of training; includes extensive practice exercises and a pull‑out reference card.

Center for Effective Performance (CEP) • Book

Robert F. Mager

Focuses on building and sustaining learner motivation and positive attitudes toward learning. It offers practical techniques to increase learners’ willingness to engage and to use what they have learned, plus a checklist to assess whether instructional practices support confidence and interest or inadvertently create negative attitudes.

Center for Effective Performance (CEP) • Book

Robert F. Mager

Step‑by‑step guidance for designing and developing instruction that is lean, motivating, and effective. It translates the full course design process into manageable tasks, offers tactics for sequencing content, and provides tools and examples that help ensure instruction achieves stated objectives.